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Long-term dam safety monitoring of Punt dal Gall arch dam in Switzerland

M. WIELAND, G.F. KIRCHEN

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2012年第6卷第1期页码 76-83 doi: 10.1007/s11709-012-0144-z

摘要： The 130 m high Punt dal Gall dam is located at the Swiss-Italian border in the South-eastern part of Switzerland and was completed in 1969. The dam is founded on highly folded and partially crushed dolomite and limestone formations. A grout curtain with an area of 120,000 m was provided for controlling seepage. For the monitoring of the dam deformations five inverted pendulums were installed in the dam and three in the rock foundation of the right abutment outside of the dam. For a seasonal water level fluctuation in the reservoir of about 60 m the maximum amplitude of the radial displacement is 25 mm, which includes both the effects of the water load and temperature effects. Furthermore a comprehensive geodetic network was established, 57 joint meters were installed and cracks in the crest gallery are monitored by crack meters. There are also thermometers, piezometers and rocmeters. Springs at the left and right banks of the dam are monitored and chemical analyses of the seepage water and springs are performed regularly. The dam is equipped with strong motion instruments and several near-field earthquakes have been recorded in the past. The paper describes the long-term safety monitoring of this 42 years old arch dam. A short description of the Swiss practice in dam safety monitoring and emergency planning is also given.

关键词： dam safety concept arch dam dam instrumentation dam safety monitoring

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非常泄洪设施对大坝防洪安全的研究

吴时强,姜树海

《中国工程科学》 2000年第2卷第12期页码 66-72

摘要：

文章引人随机微分方程，采用泄洪风险分析方法评估水电站采用非常泄洪设施对大坝安全所带来的影响，并结合某一工程设置两条非常泄洪洞的可行性进行论证。在充分分析计算条件对风险率灵敏性的前提下，讨论了调洪方案下两条非常泄洪洞启用的条件及相关的泄洪风险，为导流洞改建方案的确定提供依据。分析结果表明该方案基本维持原设计方案的泄洪风险水平，说明设置非常泄洪设施是可行的。

关键词：大坝安全泄洪风险分析随机微分方程

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Long-term behavior and safety assessment of Sance Rockfill Dam

Marta DOLEZALOVA, Ivo HLADIK

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2011年第5卷第1期页码 79-89 doi: 10.1007/s11709-010-0010-9

摘要： Safety assessment of the 62 m high Sance Rockfill Dam based on long-term monitoring results and their simulation by numerical models is presented in the paper. Unexpectedly large settlements and horizontal movements of the crest together with the steep downstream slope questioned the safety of the dam. Calibrated 2D and 3D models fitting the monitoring results were applied for the safety assessment of the dam including slope stability analysis and estimation of the clay core cracking and hydraulic fracturing hazard. The modeling results contributed to the rehabilitation concept and project of the dam.

关键词： rockfill dam path dependence creep calibration cracking hydraulic fracturing hazard

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中国大坝的安全和管理

吴中如

《中国工程科学》 2000年第2卷第6期页码 36-39

摘要：

大坝是我国国民经济建设及社会发展的重要基础设施，提高和加强对大坝的安全认识和管理水平，对充分发挥大坝的作用具有重大意义。本文回顾了中国大坝安全状况，简述了大坝的安全管理，并为提高大坝安全与管理提出了一些认识。

关键词：中国大坝安全管理

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300m 级特高拱坝建设关键技术与实践

王仁坤

《工程（英文）》 2016年第2卷第3期页码 350-359 doi: 10.1016/J.ENG.2016.03.012

摘要：

中国于2000 年成功建设二滩拱坝( 高240 m）以来，至2014 年年底已建成7 座坝高超过200 m 的特高拱坝，其中锦屏一级拱坝（高305 m）、小湾拱坝（高294.5 m）、溪洛渡拱坝（高285.5 m）不仅坝高达300 m 级，而且因地质条件复杂，水推力巨大，抗震要求高，在安全控制技术等方面取得了新的突破。本文主要阐述300 m 级特高拱坝的基础可利用岩体及合理建基面、体形优化设计、安全设计准则、抗震研究与抗震措施、复杂地基的典型处理、混凝土及施工期温控防裂等关键技术。

关键词：特高拱坝优化设计整体安全抗震安全混凝土温控

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高土石坝工程安全评价与预警信息管理系统

张宗亮,于玉贞,张丙印

《中国工程科学》 2011年第13卷第12期页码 33-37

摘要：

基于现场监测数据及先进的数值分析方法，建立土石坝全生命周期的工程安全评价及预警信息系统，是目前土石坝发展的必然趋势。以糯扎渡高心墙堆石坝为依托，开发了理论严密、方法先进且可靠实用的大坝工程安全评价与预警信息管理系统。该系统由系统管理模块、安全指标模块、监测数据与工程信息模块、数值计算模块、反演分析模块、安全预警与应急预案模块和数据库及管理模块共7个模块构成。其中，数值计算和反演分析模块可利用所取得的坝体监测数据，进行渗流、大坝应力变形、坝体裂缝、地震动力反应和坝坡稳定等土石坝关键计算分析，是本系统的核心部分。利用工程前期已经取得的坝体变形监测数据，对坝体进行了变形反演分析并对大坝关键时间结点的形态进行了预测分析。

关键词：糯扎渡水电站大坝安全评价预警信息管理系统反演分析

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高混凝土面板堆石坝设计新理念

郦能惠

《中国工程科学》 2011年第13卷第3期页码 12-18

摘要：

在分析混凝土面板堆石坝40多年经验设计及其不完全性的基础上，提出了高混凝土面板堆石坝设计新理念，即针对坝址的地形地质条件与料源情况，进行稳定安全设计、渗流安全设计和变形安全设计，阐述了稳定、渗流、变形安全设计的原则和要点，强调了变形协调原则和理论指导设计的重要性。

关键词：混凝土面板堆石坝设计新理念稳定安全渗流安全变形安全

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高面板堆石坝安全性研究技术进展

马洪琪,迟福东

《工程（英文）》 2016年第2卷第3期页码 332-339 doi: 10.1016/J.ENG.2016.03.010

摘要：

混凝土面板堆石坝直接利用当地材料，适应性强，经济优势明显，是西部地区一批拟建高坝的重点比选坝型。中国面板堆石坝技术取得了200 m 级高坝的成功经验，为250~300 m 超高面板堆石坝的发展提供了必要的技术储备条件。本文分析了中国及世界上主要200 m 级高面板堆石坝的成功经验及暴露的主要问题，论述了250~300 m 级超高面板堆石坝安全建设面临的主要技术问题和研究取得的最新进展，并提出了今后的研究重点和思路。

关键词：高面板堆石坝安全性技术进展

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Several issues to be considered for long-term better behavior of concrete gravity dams

Jinsheng JIA,

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2010年第4卷第1期页码 40-46 doi: 10.1007/s11709-010-0006-5

摘要： Along with economic, social quick development and urbanization, dams and reservoirs are of strategic importance for flood control, water supply, electricity production, irrigation, etc., both for developed countries and for developing countries. Climate change is a new challenging issue to be considered which will speed up the development of hydropower in developing countries. More and more attention will be paid on the long-term better behavior of dams to guarantee the safety of the people involved and the better development of the world. There are about 50000 old dams in the world and a lot of them have been completed and operated for more than 50 years. However, how do we evaluate the dams’ safety? How do we make the decision to do rehabilitation work or to rebuild a new dam based on evaluation results? The life span and the real safety status of old dams becomes a challenging task for the dam society, especially for China because it has more than 6000 dams to be evaluated and rehabilitated within the next few years. Based on the investigation of the Fengman gravity dam, which is 91.7 m high, operated since 1943 and suffered uplift pressure, freeze and thaw problems, etc., discussions on the life span evaluation of old concrete gravity dams have been made. The reasonable coefficient of dam safety has been discussed. The social decision for the final choice after comprehensive studies has been introduced.

关键词： dam safety economic life span structural life span environmental life span rehabilitation social decision

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土石坝SH 波地震反射成像 Article

Edward W. Woolery

《工程（英文）》 2018年第4卷第5期页码 694-701 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2018.08.009

摘要：

评价地下物性和地质特征成像（如断层、空洞、低速层等）是近地表地球物理学中的经典问题，这些问题通常会危害岩土工程，尤其对大型土石防洪坝这类高危结构物危害更大。在美国，由于大部分重要的基础设施在20 世纪初至20 世纪中叶设计建成，目前这些堤坝已处于设计寿命的末期，之前被人忽略的或者在设计建造过程中被认为无关紧要的细微缺陷将会对堤坝安全造成严重威胁。这些构造在高水动力条件下会加速薄弱区域的恶化，并破坏其长期完整性。仅用传统钻探技术解决大坝的相关问题通常存在不足（缺乏横向分辨率），过高的成本同样限制了钻探技术的发展。然而，有选择的岩土钻探技术与近地表地球物理相结合，尤其是对堤坝内部细小结构和地质基础条件成像方面的剪切波（shear-wave，SH 波）地震反射技术，可以有效地降低堤坝修复工程所需的成本。为支持上述观点，本文以美国中部两个防洪坝为例，对其原位组分和工程建设组分进行SH 波地震反射成像。

关键词：地球物理地震反射剪切波近地表坝体安全

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论混凝土坝的几个重要问题

朱伯芳

《中国工程科学》 2006年第8卷第7期页码 21-29

摘要：

目前我国在建混凝土坝的高度、数量、规模均居世界第一位，文章就混凝土坝技术的几个重要问题进行讨论：（1）结束“无坝不裂”历史的关键技术；（2）应用氧化镁混凝土筑坝的两种指导思想和两种实践结果；（3）混凝土强度等级应用于混凝土坝欠妥，坝工混凝土仍以采用混凝土标号为宜；（4）我国特高拱坝的抗压安全系数偏低，应适当提高。（5）拱坝有限元等效应力问题。

关键词：混凝土坝裂缝混凝土标号抗压安全系数有限元等效应力

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我国高坝建设和科技攻关

陈宗梁

《中国工程科学》 2000年第2卷第12期页码 84-89

摘要：

介绍了我国大坝建设的发展和特点，概括了高坝建设中的地质勘探、坝工技术、泄洪消能、坝基处理和髙边坡处理等方面的科技成果和应用水平，展望了我国高坝发展前景并指出今后高坝科技攻关重点。

关键词：水力发电高坝重力坝拱坝碾压混凝土坝面板堆石坝

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Features of seismic hazard in large dam projects and strong motion monitoring of large dams

Martin WIELAND,

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2010年第4卷第1期页码 56-64 doi: 10.1007/s11709-010-0005-6

摘要： Earthquakes can affect large dam projects in many different ways. Usually, design engineers are focussing on ground shaking and neglect the other aspects. The May 12, 2008 Wenchuan earthquake has damaged 1803 dams and reservoirs, and 403 hydropower plants with an installed capacity of 3.3GW. Among these dams were the 132-m-high Shapai RCC arch dam and the 156-m-high Zipingpu concrete face rockfill dam. These recently completed dams are dam types which, up to now, have not experienced strong ground shaking. The widespread mass movements have caused substantial damage to dams and surface powerhouses in Sichuan. The different features of earthquake hazard are presented, i.e., ground shaking, faulting and mass movements. It is proposed to prepare project-specific safety plans for all dams, which consist of a matrix where the possible hazards and the corresponding countermeasures are listed. The earthquake behaviors of the Sefid Rud, Zipingpu and Shapai dams, which, in the past, have experienced strong ground shaking from nearby earthquakes, are discussed. Finally, the need for strong motion instrumentation of large dams is discussed. It is proposed that major dams with large damage potential, dams located in areas of high seismicity, and dams showing signs of abnormal behavior be equipped with strong motion instruments.

关键词： seismic hazard arch dam concrete face rockfill dam strong motion instrumentation reservoir-triggered seismicity Wenchuan earthquake

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Key problems and solutions in arch dam heightening

Zuoguang FU, Yunlong HE, Sheng SU

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2011年第5卷第1期页码 98-104 doi: 10.1007/s11709-010-0004-7

摘要： The dam heightening, which is an effective way to increase reservoir volume, has been paid close attention by engineers. Three problems should be dealt with when an arch dam needs to be heightened: stress state getting worse at dam heel, cracking on new added concrete dam surface, and weak bonding between new added concrete and old dam. Taking Geba arch dam as an example, these problems are examined in details through simulation analysis by the finite element method. The tensile stresses on dam’s surface and joint face that have certain relations to the dam heightening can be controlled by some measures.

关键词： arch dam heighten tensile stress finite element method

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Influence of soft rock-fill material as dam embankment with central bituminous concrete membrane

Peter TSCHERNUTTER

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2011年第5卷第1期页码 63-70 doi: 10.1007/s11709-010-0016-3

摘要： This paper demonstrates the difficulties in determining the relevant material parameters for a valuation of the deformation behavior of the up- and downstream dam shell by means of an embankment dam of medium height. Laboratory as well as field tests on solid rock-fill material were performed before the beginning of construction. During the construction the properties of the available rock-fill changed from solid to soft materials. This gave rise to the necessity of adjusting the dam design of the downstream dam shoulder. Several times higher dam settlements as well as significant differential settlements between the up- and downstream dam shell were observed during construction and operation. Apart from this situation, the dam has been operated for nearly 20 years and the behavior of the water barrier has been very good.

关键词： embankment dam bituminous concrete membrane rock-fill material properties deformation behavior